Chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide is an antihypertensive agent and belongs to the class thiazide diuretic. The drugs in this class are formally called benzothiadiazide, usually shortened to thiazides. It increases the urination and reduces the amount of water and sodium retained by the body. The nature of the hetrocyclic rings and the substitution on these ring may vary among the congeners but all of them retain a unsubstituted sulfonamide group. Development of thiazides and other modern diuretics began when a perceptive physician noticed that patients receiving sulfanilamide, an early antimicrobial agent, developed metabolic acidosis and a very alkaline urine. Careful study revealed that the drug was causing sodium bicarbonate diuresis. The realization that it could be useful diuretic led first to the development of acetazolamide and then to the thiazides.
Primary Characteristics
It is of Synthetic origin and belongs to Benzothiadiazine.
It belongs to NaCl cotransport inhibitor pharmacological group on the basis of mechanism of action and also classified in Diuretic Thiazide pharmacological group.
Molecular Weight: 295.7 · pKa: 6.7 · Solubility in Water: low · Solubility in Alcohol: 1 in 650 · Non-proprietary name: Chlorothiazide.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: Chlorothiazide has an oral bioavailability is 20% (±13%).
Distribution: Chlorothiazide has a volume of distribution is 0.3 l/kg. plasma protein binding is 70%.
Elimination: it is metabolised via negligible, plasma half-life is 15-27 hr, renal excretion is major.
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Indications
Chlorothiazide is primarily indicated in conditions like Congestive heart failure, Edema in cirrhosis with ascites, Hypertension, Nephrotic syndrome, Prevention of renal stone formation.
Chlorothiazide is also indicated for secondary conditions like Hepatic cirrhosis with ascites.
Contraindications
Chlorothiazide is contraindicated in conditions like Hypercalcaemia, Addison's disease, Renal failure, Anuria, Oliguria, Hepatic failure, Severe sodium and fluid depletion.
Dosage
Chlorothiazide's dosage details are as follows:
| Dose | Single Dose | Frequency | Route | Instructions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Dosage | ||||
| 750 mg | 750 mg | Every 12h | PO | for edema and hypertension. |
| Paediatric Dosage (20kg) | ||||
| 15 mg/kg | 15 mg/kg | Every 12h | Oral | (Not exceeding 375 mg/day) in infants up to 2 years or 1000mg/day in children 2 to 12 year. |
| Neonatal Dosage (3kg) | ||||
| 10 mg/kg | 10 mg/kg | Every 12h | Intravenous | |
| 30 mg/kg | 30 mg/kg | Every 12h | oral | |
Drug Interactions
Always consult your physician for the change of dose regimen or an alternative drug of choice that may strictly be required.
Side Effects
Chlorothiazide in overdosage may give rise to further complications which include Hyponatremia , Carbohydrate intolerance , Hyponatremia, Carbohydrate intolerance .
Chlorothiazide produces potentially life-threatening effects which include Cardiac arrhythmias, Pancreatitis . Careful monitoring is needed with proper medical management.
The signs and symptoms that are produced after acute overdosage of Chlorothiazide are Fall in intravascular volume, Coma, Hypotension, Decreased GFR .
Chlorothiazide is known to cause more or less tolerable side effects which are usually transient. These include Dizziness, Hallucination , Hyperuricemia , Loss of appetite, Muscle pain, Nausea, Seizures, Weakness.
Warnings / Precautions
Interference in Pathology
Chlorothiazide may interfere in the diagnosis of Test for 17-ketosteroids. , Increases serum protein bound iodine levels. .
Available Brands
None recorded.
Storage Conditions
Drug Classification
- 1.16.1 — Thiazide and related diuretics